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Lowering Automobile Insurance Prices for Teen Drivers

Teenage drivers pay more for automobile insurance, because they cost the insurance companies more. Teenage inexperienced drivers have more crashes than older drivers with more time on the road. The insurer's expenses push the premium higher.
Your monthly premium will increase when you add a young inexperienced driver to your automobile insurance policy, but some of the ideas in this article can help you to keep more of your money in your pocket.
Reducing Your Costs
Price Shop Early
Explore Every Car Insurance Discount
Drivers Education
Good Student
Get The Right Auto
Drop Unneeded Coverage
Price Shop Before your Child gets Their Learner's Permit
Many automobile insurance carriers won't insure a you if you have a teenage driver unless they are an existing account. You are more likely to get the best deal if you price shop before your child is old enough to drive. Tell your broker that you want to see what the premiums would be today and what they would be when your child starts driving. It is important to compare costs and benefits based on what the insurance will cost when you do have a teenage driver.
Get All Car Insurance Discount
Discounts can lower your costs substantially. There are two discounts that anyone with a teen driver should look into. They are the "good student" discount and the driver's education discount. Getting one or both of these discounts can save you hundreds each month
Your teenage driver will probably cost you less if he or she maintains a grade point average above a B. This will qualify him or her for a discount with many companies. If your child's grades aren't up to this level, driving privileges may be enough of an incentive to get him or her to study harder.
Also, many companies will offer a discount for those who have taken a formal driving course. This should be supplemented with practice driving with Mom or dad, but the drivers education certificate will probably qualify you for a discount that is will be worth much more than the cost of the driving lessons. And although you may be an excellent driver, allowing your child to learn from a professional driving instructor can make your child a safer driver.
Get The Right Automobile
Certain cars cost less to insure. Sports cars can cost more to insure especially when you have a young driver on your insurance policy. Purchasing an older slower car for your child has its advantages over faster newer cars.
Drop Unneeded Coverage
You may be able to lower your car insurance costs by dropping the collision and other than collision coverage on the care your child will drive. You will take more risk. If your child gets into an accident, your insurance company may pay the other diver, but it won't pay for any repairs to your car. You will have to make a decision based on your own personal comfort with that risk, but removing your "comp" and collision will probably lower your costs.
Lower Insurance Costs and Safety
There is more at stake here than money. Good driving instruction may make your child not only a less expensive driver to insure, but also a safer one. The same goes for purchasing a slower safer car if you were contemplating a sports car for your child.
Lower The High Cost of Teenage Car Insurance
By using some of the ideas you see above, you may save hundreds of dollars each month and thousands of dollars each year.

New BMW 6 Series Convertible

New BMW 6 Series Convertible
Quick Take
* Fuel Economy
5.2 /11.3 km/l (city/highway), 4.8 L V8 Petrol
Available Engines
4.8 L V8 362 bhp Petrol
Available Transmissions
6-speed sport automatic Transmission (AT)
* Estimated values may differ under various conditions.
Highlights
Pros
Cons
Trendy and elegant.
Dynamic Stability Control.
Packed with class-leading features.
Cozy and Comfortable interiors.
Decent acceleration.
Smooth and quality ride.
No manual transmission.
Overview-->
German luxury car manufacturer BMW has launched the stylish and trendy 6 Series Convertible with a powerful engine, class-leading features and comfortable cabin to strengthen its position in the convertible segment in the Indian auto market.
BMW has built the top-end 6 Series convertible according to the tastes and preferences of car enthusiasts who are waiting to drive home the most stylish and powerful convertibles. The 6 series convertible is a perfect combination of advanced technology, incomparable luxury and unsurpassed comfort and it is a car which every car enthusiast craves for.
BMW has rolled out the 6 Series convertible in one variant '650i' on Indian roads. Striking design, advanced drive technologies, ample luxury amenities and driver assistance safety system are highlights. The convertible comes with a fully automatic roof that ensures fresh air inside the cabin and increases the level of comfort even if the roof is open or closed.
The mechanically, structurally and dynamically well-designed convertible is undeniably more superb than its rivals and delivers impressive performance, great agility and brilliant handling.
As it is built with advanced dynamic traction control and dynamic stability control systems, there is no fear of the car rolling over at high speeds.
Powertrain & Performance
The 6 series convertible is available in 650i variant and is offered with a two-wheel drive configuration. The 650i is propelled by a powerful 4.8L V8 engine that combines impressive performance with exceptional smoothness. It delivers a remarkable 362 bhp of power at 6300 rpm and 490 Nm of torque at 3400 rpm. It goes from 0-100 km/h in a mere 5.7 seconds. The engine is mated to a 6-speed Sport Automatic transmission that assures a smooth and effortless drive.
The convertible is built with a double wishbone front suspension and an integral rear suspension made of aluminum that reduces weight and ensures an even distribution of load between the front and rear axles. The optional Dynamic Drive active suspension system sets new standards in handling precision and ensures optimum stability and comfort by minimizing body roll via active anti-roll bars on the axles.
Build & Styling
Strong lines flow from the A-pillars along the engine compartment lid to the trademark kidney grille. The long hood, long wheelbase and low flowing roofline make the convertible look dynamic and purposeful.
It comes with a bumper system featuring interchangeable front and rear energy absorbing crumple zones. The exterior features Xenon headlight with headlight washer system, wind deflector and windscreen with green shade band. It stands on ellipsoid styling light alloy wheels that add a touch of elegance to the exterior.
The cozy interior is designed with a host of features to ensure that passengers are comfortable throughout the journey and to make travelling a pleasurable experience instead of a stressful one.
It offers electrically-adjustable sports seats which are supportive and comfortable for both driver and passengers. The aesthetically designed interior bears luxurious amenities that include sports leather steering wheel with multifunction buttons, and automatic air conditioning with extended features. It also offers enough cargo space to carry luggage and other belongings and comes standard with a Hi-fi professional LOGIC7 audio system for entertainment.
The convertible is loaded with top-of-the-line safety features such as dual-stage airbags for driver and front passenger with seat occupant detectors, side airbags for driver and front passenger, active headrests, anti-lock braking system, Dynamic Brake Control, Dynamic Traction control, integrated side-impact protection and roll-over protection system in rear headrests.

New Fiat Grande Punto

New Fiat Grande Punto
Quick Take
* Fuel Economy
12/15 km/l (city/highway), 1.4-litre, Petrol 16/19 km/l (city/highway), 1.3-litre, Diesel
Available Engines
1.2L Inline 4, 85 bhp, Petrol 1.4L Inline 4, 90 bhp, Petrol 1.3L Multijet Inline 4, 85 bhp, Diesel
Available Transmissions
5-Speed Manual Transmission (MT)
* Estimated values may differ under various conditions.
Highlights
Pros
Cons
Biggest Car in its Segment.
Revolutionary T-Jet Engine Technology.
5-Star Safety.
Stunning Sporty Appeal.
Excellent Driving Dynamics.
Awesome Power Output.
Automatic Transmission Not Available.
Overview-->
Fiat Grande Punto is a beautifully crafted car with a host of practical features to ensure high levels of comfort and safety. The car is designed by the famous Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italdesign who creatively designed the car to offer best of two worlds to car enthusiasts.
It is the biggest car in its class that imparts a sensational feeling with its elegance, sturdiness, and a wide range of customization options. Even the interior of the car has class-leading space and is well appointed with ergonomically designed features and controls.
Fiat Grande Punto is available in five variants: Actual, Active, Emotion, Dynamic, and Sporting versions equipped with a revolutionary petrol engine or a powerful diesel engine.
Powertrain & Performance
Fiat Grande Punto is available in six variants: Active, Emotion, and Dynamic with a choice of petrol and diesel engine.
The range of petrol engine delivers thrilling driving experience without any compromise on performance and mileage. The petrol version is available in three variants- Active, Dynamic, and Emotion. The Active is powered by a 1.2-litre engine that generates 85 bhp. It propels the car from 0 to 100 km/h in 13.6 seconds with a top speed of 155 km/h. Dynamic and Emotion is driven by a 1.4-litre engine mated to a variable valve timing technology to generate a power output of 90 bhp. All the three petrol variants channel power through a 5-speed manual transmission.
The diesel version too offers three variants- Active, Dynamic, and Emotion. All the three variants are powered by an 85 bhp 1.3-litre multijet engine with variable geometry technology and a 5-speed manual transmission to accelerate the car from 0 to 100 in 13.6 seconds and reach a top speed of 165 km/h.
The suspension setup comprising of front MacPherson and rear torsion axle is finely tuned to improve handing and stability.
Build & Styling
Fiat Grande Punto is an attractive and spacious car designed with sleek cues, aggressive styling, sporty side, dynamic front, and sturdy imposing wheel arches. The Sky Dome sunroof is one of the most significant features of the Grande Punto. The interior of the car comes with an incredibly lavish range of features comprising comfortable seats of fine quality fabric, stylish dashboard, impressive instrument panel, the dual-zone automatic climate, parking sensors, a powerful 6-speaker Interscope Sound System, and Blue&Me.
The Blue&Me technology revolutionizes the concepts of car communications and in-car entertainment. With this innovation, the driver can use his or her mobile with ease and safety without taking hands off the steering wheel. The system can also read messages and has the ability to connect to five Bluetooth enabled mobile phones. Listening to music on the move also becomes exciting with this innovation.
Standard features in the Actual are electric door mirrors, power windows, remote door opening/locking, in-cab electrical tailgate, 'follow me horne' headlamp, sliding front seats with memory functions, adjustable electric dual drive power steering, and advanced car audio system. The Active variant comprises height adjustable driver's seat, and height adjustable head restrains in addition to the features available in the Actual.
The standard features in the Dynamic variant includes all the features of the Active along with a host of other features including the body-coloured electric door mirrors, 40/60 split rear seat, leather steering wheel and gear knob, window airbag, and front side airbag.
Emotion in addition to the features available on the Dynamic comprises mirror with demisting function, illuminated mirrors in sunvisors, driver's seat with electrical lumbar support, manual climate control with pollen filter, and Blue&Me technology.
The top-end sporty variant of the car has even more lavish range of car technologies and comfort features in addition to all those available in the Emotion variant. It comprises the rear spoiler, side skirts, sport instrument graphics, leather hand brake lever, multi-purpose display, and driver side power window with automatic function.
Grande Punto is brought on roads after hundreds of tests on components and crash tests. The standard safety features in the car anti lock brakes with electronic brakeforce distribution, electronic stability control device, and two dual-stage front airbags, side bags, and window bags. An energy-absorbing bodyshell, anti-whiplash front seats, and safety belts with pre-tensioners further enhance safety on the wheels of Grande Punto.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF IMAGE PROCESSING

Modern digital technology has made it possible to manipulate multi-dimensional signals with systems that range from simple digital circuits to advanced parallel computers. The goal of this manipulation can be divided into three categories:

* Image Processing image in -> image out

* Image Analysis image in -> measurements out

* Image Understanding image in -> high-level description out

We will focus on the fundamental concepts of image processing. Space does not permit us to make more than a few introductory remarks about image analysis. Image understanding requires an approach that differs fundamentally from the theme of this book. Further, we will restrict ourselves to two-dimensional (2D) image processing although most of the concepts and techniques that are to be described can be extended easily to three or more dimensions. Readers interested in either greater detail than presented here or in other aspects of image processing are referred to

We begin with certain basic definitions. An image defined in the "real world" is considered to be a function of two real variables, for example, a(x,y) with a as the amplitude (e.g. brightness) of the image at the real coordinate position (x,y). An image may be considered to contain sub-images sometimes referred to as regions-of-interest, ROIs, or simply regions. This concept reflects the fact that images frequently contain collections of objects each of which can be the basis for a region. In a sophisticated image processing system it should be possible to apply specific image processing operations to selected regions. Thus one part of an image (region) might be processed to suppress motion blur while another part might be processed to improve color rendition.

The amplitudes of a given image will almost always be either real numbers or integer numbers. The latter is usually a result of a quantization process that converts a continuous range (say, between 0 and 100%) to a discrete number of levels. In certain image-forming processes, however, the signal may involve photon counting which implies that the amplitude would be inherently quantized. In other image forming procedures, such as magnetic resonance imaging, the direct physical measurement yields a complex number in the form of a real magnitude and a real phase. For the remainder of this book we will consider amplitudes as reals or integers unless otherwise indicated.

DOWNLOAD THIS BOOK HERE

JUST COPY THE BELOW LINK AND PASTE IT IN YOUR BROWSER

http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/tutorials/fip.pdf

who is Bhaskara I???

Bhaskara I was an Indian mathematician of the 7th century, who probably lived between c.600- c.680. He was most likely the first to use a circle for the zero in the Hindu-Arabic decimal system, and while commenting on Aryabhata's work, he evaluated an extraordinary rational approximation of the sine function. There is very little information about Bhaskara's life. He is said to be born near Saurashtra in Gujarat and died in Ashmaka. He was educated by his father in astronomy. He is considered to be a follower of Aryabhata I and one of the most renowned scholars of Aryabhata's astronomical school. Bhaskara I wrote two treatises, the Mahabhaskariya and the Laghubhaskariya. He also wrote commentaries on the work of Aryabhata I entitled Aryabhatiyabhasya. The Mahabhaskariya comprises of eight chapters dealing with mathematical astronomy. The book deals with topics such as: the longitudes of the planets; association of the planets with each other and also with the bright stars; the lunar crescent; solar and lunar eclipses; and rising and setting of the planets. Bhaskara I suggested a formula which was astonishingly accurate value of Sine. The formula is: sin x = 16x (p - x)/[5p2 - 4x (p - x)]

Bhaskara I wrote the Aryabhatiyabhasya in 629,, which is a commentary on the Aryabhatiya written by Aryabhata I. Bhaskara I commented only on the 33 verses of Aryabhatiya which is about mathematical astronomy and discusses the problems of the first degree of indeterminate equations and trigonometric formula. While discussing about Aryabhatiya he discussed about cyclic quadrilateral. He was the first mathematician to discuss about quadrilaterals whose four sides are not equal with none of the opposite sides parallel.

For many centuries, the approximate value of p was considered v10. But Bhaskara I did not accept this value and believed that p had an irrational value which later proved to be true. Some of the contributions of Bhaskara I to mathematics are: numbers and symbolism, the categorization of mathematics, the names and solution of the first degree equations, quadratic equations, cubic equations and equations which have more than one unknown value, symbolic algebra, the algorithm method to solve linear indeterminate equations which was later suggested by Euclid, and formulated certain tables for solving equations that occurred in astronomy.

Biography
We know little about Bhāskara's life. Presumably he was born in Kerala. His astronomical education was given by his father. Bhaskara is considered the most important scholar of Aryabhata's astronomical school. He and Brahmagupta are the most renowned Indian mathematicians who made considerable contributions to the study of fractions.

Representation of numbers
Bhaskara's probably most important mathematical contribution concerns the representation of numbers in a positional system. The first positional representations were known to Indian astronomers about 500. However, the numbers were not written in figures, but in words or allegories, and were organized in verses. For instance, the number 1 was given as moon, since it exists only once; the number 2 was represented by wings, twins, or eyes, since they always occur in pairs; the number 5 was given by the (5) senses. Similar to our current decimal system, these words were aligned such that each number assigns the factor of the power of ten corresponding to its position, only in reverse order: the higher powers were right from the lower ones. For example,

1052 = wings senses void moon.
Why did the Indian scientists use words instead of the already known Brahmi numerals? The texts were written in Sanskrit, the "language of the gods", which played a similar role as Latin in Europe, the spoken languages were quite different dialects. Presumably, the Brahmi numerals which were used in every-day life were regarded as too vulgar for the gods (Ifrah 2000, p. 431).

About 510, Aryabhata used a different method ("Aryabhata cipher") assigning syllables to the numbers. His number system has the basis 100, and not 10 (Ifrah 2000, p. 449). In his commentary to Aryabhata's Aryabhatiya in 629, Bhaskara modified this system to a true positional system with the base 10, containing a zero. He used properly defined words for the numbers, began with the ones, then writes the tens, etc. For instance, he wrote the number 4,320,000 as

viyat ambara akasha sunya yama rama veda
sky atmosphere ether void primordial couple (Yama & Yami) Rama Veda
0 0 0 0 2 3 4

His system is truly positional, since the same words representing, e.g. the number 4 (like veda), can also be used to represent the values 40 or 400 (van der Waerden 1966, p. 90). Quite remarkably, he often explains a number given in this system, using the formula ankair api ("in figures this reads"), by repeating it written with the first nine Brahmi numerals, using a small circle for the zero (Ifrah 2000, p. 415). Contrary to his word number system, however, the figures are written in descending valuedness from left to right, exactly as we do it today. Therefore, at least since 629 the decimal system is definitely known to the Indian scientists. Presumably, Bhaskara did not invent it, but he was the first having no compunctions to use the Brahmi numerals in a scientific contribution in Sanskrit.

The first, however, to compute with the zero as a number and to know negative numbers, was Bhaskara's contemporary Brahmagupta.

[edit] Further contributions
Bhaskara wrote three astronomical contributions. In 629 he commented the Aryabhatiya, written in verses, about mathematical astronomy. The comments referred exactly to the 33 verses dealing with mathematics. There he considered variable equations and trigonometric formulae.

His work Mahabhaskariya divides into eight chapters about mathematical astronomy. In chapter 7, he gives a remarkable approximation formula for sinx, that is

which he assigns to Aryabhata. It reveals a relative error of less than 1.9% (the greatest deviation at x = 0). Moreover, relations between sine and cosine, as well as between the sine of an angle , or to the sine of an angle are given. Parts of Mahabhaskariya were later translated into Arabic.

Bhaskara already dealt with the assertion: If p is a prime number, then 1 + (p − 1)! is divisible by p. It was proved later by Al-Haitham, also mentioned by Fibonacci, and is now known as Wilson's theorem.

Moreover, Bhaskara stated theorems about the solutions of today so called Pell equations. For instance, he posed the problem: "Tell me, O mathematician, what is that square which multiplied by 8 becomes - together with unity - a square?" In modern notation, he asked for the solutions of the Pell equation 8x2 + 1 = y2. It has the simple solution x = 1, y = 3, or shortly (x,y) = (1,3), from which further solutions can be constructed, e.g., (x,y) = (6,17).

[edit] References
H.-W. Alten, A. Djafari Naini, M. Folkerts, H. Schlosser, K.-H. Schlote, H. Wußing: 4000 Jahre Algebra. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 [ISBN 3-540-43554-9], §3.2.1
S. Gottwald, H.-J. Ilgauds, K.-H. Schlote (Hrsg.): Lexikon bedeutender Mathematiker. Verlag Harri Thun, Frankfurt a. M. 1990 [ISBN 3-8171-1164-9]
G. Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. John Wiley & Sons, New York 2000 [ISBN 0-471-39340-1]
B. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkäuser-Verlag Basel Stuttgart 1966

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